What is a regulated activity?

December 9, 2025

In a financial services context, the term regulated activity carries significant weight. It refers to specific types of business activity that are subject to oversight by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) or the Prudential Regulation Authority (PRA) due to their potential impact on consumers. These activities are governed by a framework of rules and compliance obligations designed to ensure transparency, fairness, and accountability.

The Legal Foundation of Regulated Activities

In the UK, regulated activities are primarily defined under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Regulated Activities) Order 2001 which establishes the activities to be regulated under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (FSMA). This legislation outlines the scope of financial services that require authorisation from the FCA or the PRA. Engaging in a regulated activity without proper authorisation is a criminal offence and can result in penalties such as fines and imprisonment.

Regulated activities include, but are not limited to:

  • Accepting deposits.
  • Issuing electronic money.
  • Effecting and carrying out contracts of insurance.
  • Dealing in investments
  • Arranging deals in investments.
  • Managing investments.
Why Regulation Matters in Commercial Law

Regulation serves different functions, including:

  • Consumer Protection: Regulated activities often involve handling client funds, offering financial advice, or selling complex products. Regulation ensures that consumers are treated fairly and that firms act with integrity.
  • Legal Certainty: Clear rules around regulated activities help businesses understand their obligations and avoid inadvertent breaches of the law.
  • Stability: Banking and insurance play a key role in keeping the economy steady. Regulations help make sure businesses have enough capital and strong risk management in place.
  • Business oversight: It allows the regulators to understand who is involved in the delivery of financial services and ensure they are appropriate to do so.
  • Business resilience and controls: Regulation requires financial services firms to implement minimum business resilience standards and implement appropriate systems and controls which, coupled with ongoing regulator oversight, helps reduce the risk of failures of financial services businesses.
Authorisation

To carry out a regulated activity legally, a firm must either obtain authorisation from the relevant regulator or fall within an exemption for example by becoming an Appointed Representative of another firm.

The authorisation process involves:

  • Submitting applications: this includes, among other things, demonstrating financial soundness and proving the competence and integrity of key personnel.
  • Ongoing obligations: a business who is authorised to carry out regulated activity should be committed to ongoing compliance and reporting obligations

Once authorised, firms are subject to continuous supervision. Authorised firms are required to submit regular reporting to the regulator. Regulators may also conduct audits, request information, and impose sanctions for non-compliance.

Commercial Implications

For businesses, understanding whether an activity is regulated is crucial. Engaging in a regulated activity without authorisation can:

  • Lead to enforcement action and legal proceedings
  • Expose directors to personal liability
  • Damage reputation
  • Void contracts with clients
The importance of legal advice

Each regulated activity is defined, and businesses must carefully assess whether their operations fall within these definitions. Not all business activities are clearly regulated or unregulated. Certain activities may fall into grey areas. This is why legal advice is essential to determine whether the activity your business is carrying out requires authorisation and what particular permissions you need (this is because you should not have permissions your business is not using).

Courts and regulators look at the substance over form meaning they assess what the business is actually doing rather than how it is described. This ensures that firms cannot evade regulation through clever presentation or documentation.

By having certain business areas, like finance, regulated it ensures businesses operate with accountability and transparency. Ensuring your business is regulated if it needs to be is a vital aspect of running your business. We can help by carrying out a regulated activity analysis of your business activities, to determine if you need to be regulated and, if so, what permissions you need. Please contact us.

Mark Chapman
Partner, Commercial
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This reflects the law and market position at the date of publication and is written as a general guide. It does not contain definitive legal advice, which should be sought in relation to a specific matter.

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